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Ronald Colman

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This article is about the actor. For people with similar names, see Ronald Coleman.

Ronald Colman
Colman in 1940
Born
Ronald Charles Colman

(1891-02-09)9 February 1891
Richmond, Surrey, England
Died19 May 1958(1958-05-19) (aged 67)
Santa Barbara, California, US
Resting placeSanta Barbara Cemetery
OccupationActor
Years active1914–1957
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1920; div. 1934)​
​
(m. 1938)​
Children1
RelativesGrace Colman (cousin)

Ronald Charles Colman (9 February 1891 – 19 May 1958) was an English-born actor, starting his career in theatre and silent film in his native country, then emigrating to the United States where he had a highly successful Hollywood film career. He starred in silent films and successfully transitioned to sound, aided by a distinctive, pleasing voice. He was most popular during the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s.[1] He received Oscar nominations for Bulldog Drummond (1929), Condemned (1929) and Random Harvest (1942). Colman starred in several classic films, including A Tale of Two Cities (1935), Lost Horizon (1937) and The Prisoner of Zenda (1937). He also played the starring role in the Technicolor classic Kismet (1944), with Marlene Dietrich, which was nominated for four Academy Awards. In 1947, he won an Academy Award for Best Actor and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor for the film A Double Life.

Colman was an inaugural recipient of a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in motion pictures. He was awarded a second star for his television work.

Early years

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Ronald Charles Colman was born in Richmond, Surrey, England, the third son (his eldest brother died in infancy in 1882)[2] and fifth child of Charles Colman, a silk merchant and mantle manufacturer, and his wife Marjory Read Fraser.[3][2] His surviving siblings were Gladys, Edith, Eric and Freda.[4] He was a cousin of the Labour politician Grace Colman.

He attended Rolandseck School in Ealing under the German-born headmaster Ernst Felix Marx (1858-1942). Later he was educated at Hadleigh House School in Littlehampton, where he discovered that he enjoyed acting, despite his shyness.[5] He intended to study engineering at Cambridge, but his father's sudden death from pneumonia in 1907 made it financially impossible.[6][5]

First World War

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While working as a clerk with Watts, Watts & Co., Ltd. (managers of the Britain Steamship Company) in the City of London,[7] he joined the London Scottish Regiment[8][9] in 1909 as a Territorial Force soldier. At the outbreak of the First World War, he was mobilised, and sent to France in September 1914. On 31 October 1914, at the Battle of Messines,[8] Colman was seriously wounded by shrapnel in his ankle, which gave him a limp that he would attempt to hide throughout his acting career. As a consequence, he was honourably discharged in 1915,[10] and received the Silver War Badge due to the wounds received in the war.[11] His fellow Hollywood actors Claude Rains, Herbert Marshall, Cedric Hardwicke, and Basil Rathbone all saw service with the London Scottish in the war.

Career

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Concert parties and amateur stage

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The Popinjays with Ronald Colman (far right), ca. 1913

While working as a shipping clerk, Colman took to the stage and soon established himself as a member of the performing community in Ealing. Between 1909 and 1914, he appeared solo and with various concert parties and amateur dramatics groups. He began with banjo solos at benefit concerts[12] and two years later joined the short-lived Pierrot troupes The Tangerines[13] and The Summer ‘Uns, who only had one performance.[14] In 1912, while on the Isle of Wight, he and some friends formed The Mad Medicos,[15] who performed under his direction.[16] A part of this troupe then became The Popinjays, again under Colman’s direction, until George Denby (c. 1889-1951)[17] took over.[18] Besides banjo solos and duets, Colman’s repertoire included songs and duets like „Two Little Sausages“ (Lionel Monckton) and musical monologues, recitals of poems like The Green Eye of the Little Yellow God, funny stories and above all character sketches from Dickens such as Uriah Heep, John Brodie and Martin Chuzzlewit. At „An Evening With Dickens“, he played Charles Darnay in three scenes from A Tale of Two Cities.[19] He also staged three pieces of his own: the duologues "My Pierrot"[20] and "A Knotty Problem"[21] and the miniature revue "Come Inside".[22] When Colman rejoined the Popinjays in July 1916 for performances at the Pavilion in Derby, between theatre engagements, there is a marked change in his repertoire: The character sketch is now of a Chelsea Pensioner, and he recites Spotty, a Tale of the Trenches.[23]

Besides these performances, Colman also appeared on the amateur stage. He made his debut as Freddy Fitzfoodle in Rich Miss Rustle at Victoria Hall, Ealing, on 11 November 1909.[24] In 1910 followed the one-act plays Barbara and Lights Out[25] and Spoiling the Broth.[26] In October and November of the same year, he sang and danced as Bill Bobstay in H.M.S. Pinafore with the West Middlesex Operatic Society.[27] In 1911 he appeared in the farcical comedy Jane[28] and in the next year as Samson Quayle in A Tight Corner.[29] In 1911 Colman joined the Bancroft Dramatic Club, which had been founded in 1892 by Sir Squire Bancroft and performed mainly at the King’s Hall Theatre on the premises of the National Sporting Club in Covent Garden. Among its vice presidents were actors like George Alexander, Johnston Forbes-Robertson and Ellen Terry.[30] With the Bancroft D. C., Colman appeared in six plays between 1911 and 1914: The Admirable Crichton,[31] Priscilla Runs Away,[32] The Dancing Girl,[33] The Passing of the Third Floor Back,[34] Fanny’s First Play,[35] and Sowing the Wind.[36] He also performed in Mr. Steinman’s Corner[37] and as Douglas Cattermole in The Private Secretary with Vivian Parrott’s Amateur Dramatic Society.[38]

Theatre

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As sergeant Victor in uniform.

Colman had sufficiently recovered from his wartime injuries to appear at the London Coliseum on 19 June 1916 as Rahmat Sheikh[39] in The Maharani of Arakan, with Lena Ashwell, at the Playhouse in December that year as Stephen Weatherbee in the Charles Goddard/Paul Dickey play The Misleading Lady, and at the Court Theatre in March 1917 as Webber in Partnership. At the same theatre, the following year he appeared in Eugène Brieux's Damaged Goods. At the Ambassadors Theatre in February 1918, he played George Lubin in The Little Brother. In 1918, he toured the UK as David Goldsmith in The Bubble[40] and as Wilfred Carpenter in The Live Wire.[41]


In 1920, Colman went to America and toured with Robert Warwick in The Dauntless Three and subsequently toured with Fay Bainter in East Is West. He married his first wife, Thelma Raye, in 1920; they divorced in 1934. At the Booth Theatre in New York City in January 1921, he played the Temple Priest in William Archer's play The Green Goddess. With George Arliss at the 39th Street Theatre in August 1921, he appeared as Charles in The Nightcap.[42] In September 1922, he had great success as Alain Sergyll at the Empire Theatre in New York City in La Tendresse,[43] which was to be his final stage work.[44]

Film

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In Beau Geste

Colman had first appeared in films in Britain in 1917 and 1919 for director Cecil Hepworth. He subsequently acted for the old Broadwest Film Company in Snow in the Desert. While he was on stage in New York City in La Tendresse, director Henry King saw him and engaged him as the leading man in the 1923 film The White Sister, opposite Lillian Gish. He was an immediate success. Thereafter, Colman virtually abandoned the stage for film.

He became a very popular silent film star in both romantic and adventure films, among them The Dark Angel (1925), Stella Dallas (1926), Beau Geste (1926), and The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926). His dark hair and eyes and his athletic and riding ability (he did most of his own stunts until late in his career[citation needed]) led reviewers to describe him as a "Valentino type". He was often cast in similar, exotic roles.[45] Towards the end of the silent era, Colman was teamed with Hungarian actress Vilma Bánky under Samuel Goldwyn; the two were a popular film team, rivalling Greta Garbo and John Gilbert.

Although he was a huge success in silent films, he was unable to capitalise on one of his chief assets until the advent of the talking picture – "his beautifully modulated and cultured voice"[46] also described as "a bewitching, finely modulated, resonant voice". Colman was often viewed as a suave English gentleman, whose voice embodied chivalry and mirrored the image of a "stereotypical English gentleman".[47][48] Commenting on Colman's appeal, English film critic David Shipman stated that Colman was "the dream lover – calm, dignified, trustworthy. Although he was a lithe figure in adventure stories, his glamour – which was genuine – came from his respectability; he was an aristocratic figure, without being aloof."[49]

His first major talkie success was in 1930, when he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for two roles – Condemned and Bulldog Drummond. He thereafter appeared in a number of notable films: Raffles in 1930, Clive of India and A Tale of Two Cities in 1935, Under Two Flags in 1936, The Prisoner of Zenda and Lost Horizon in 1937, If I Were King in 1938, and Random Harvest and The Talk of the Town in 1942. He won the Best Actor Oscar in 1948 for A Double Life. He next starred in a screwball comedy, 1950's Champagne for Caesar.

At the time of his death, Colman was contracted by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for the lead role in Village of the Damned. After Colman's death, however, the film transferred production from MGM Studios in Culver City, California to MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, England. George Sanders, who married Colman's widow, Benita Hume, was cast in the role intended for Colman.

Fame

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Colman has been mentioned in many novels, but he is specifically mentioned in Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man because of his charming, well-known voice. The main character of this novel says that he wishes he could have a voice like Colman's because it is charming, and relates the voice to that of a gentleman or a man from Esquire magazine.[50] Colman was indeed very well known for his voice. Encyclopædia Britannica says that Colman had a "resonant, mellifluous speaking voice with a unique, pleasing timbre".[51] Along with his charming voice, Colman had a very confident performing manner that helped make him a major star of sound films.[52]

Radio and television

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As early as 1942, Colman joined forces with several other Hollywood luminaries to inaugurate international broadcasts by the CBS radio network over La Cadena de las Americas (The Network of the Americas) under the supervision of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs chaired by Nelson Rockefeller.[53] In the process, he contributed substantially to the implementation of President Franklin Roosevelt's cultural diplomacy initiatives throughout South America during World War II.[54][55][56]

Colman's vocal talents contributed to National Broadcasting Company programming on D-Day, 6 June 1944. On that day, Colman read "Poem and Prayer for an Invading Army" written by Edna St. Vincent Millay for exclusive radio use by NBC.[57][58]

Beginning in 1945, Colman made many guest appearances on The Jack Benny Program on radio, alongside his second wife, stage and screen actress Benita Hume, whom he married in 1938. Their comedy work as Benny's perpetually exasperated next-door neighbors led to their own radio comedy The Halls of Ivy from 1950 to 1952, created by Fibber McGee & Molly mastermind Don Quinn, on which the Colmans played the literate, charming president of a middle American college and his former-actress wife. Listeners were surprised to discover that the episode of 24 January 1951, "The Goya Bequest" – a story examining the bequest of a Goya painting that was suspected of being a fraud hyped by its late owner to avoid paying customs duties when bringing it to the United States – was written by Colman himself, who poked fun at his accomplishment while taking a rare turn giving the evening's credits at the show's conclusion.

The Halls of Ivy ran on NBC radio from 1950 to 1952; an adaptation of the same name was on CBS television for the 1954–55 season.[59]

Colman was also the host and occasional star of the syndicated anthology Favorite Story (1946–49).[60] Of note was his narration and portrayal of Scrooge in a 1948 adaptation of A Christmas Carol.

Death

[edit]

In 1957, Colman had surgery for a lung infection, and suffered from ill health afterwards.[1] He was hospitalized and died on 19 May 1958, aged 67, from acute emphysema in Santa Barbara, California, and was interred in the Santa Barbara Cemetery. He had a daughter, Juliet Benita (born 1944), with his second wife, Benita Hume.[61]

Awards, honours and legacy

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Colman was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actor. At the 3rd Academy Awards ceremony he received a single nomination for his work in two films; Bulldog Drummond (1929) and Condemned (1929). He was nominated again for Random Harvest (1942), before winning for A Double Life (1947), in which he played the role of Anthony John, an actor playing Othello who comes to identify with the character. He also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in 1947 for A Double Life. In 2002, Colman's Oscar statuette was sold at auction by Christie's for US$174,500.[62]

Colman was a recipient of the George Eastman Award,[63] given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film.

Colman has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles, one for motion pictures at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard and one for television at 1623 Vine Street.

He is the subject of a biography written by his daughter Juliet Benita Colman in 1975: Ronald Colman: A Very Private Person.[64]

The Dublin slang term "ronnie", referring to a moustache, derives from Colman's thin moustache.[65][66]

Filmography

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Main article: Ronald Colman filmography
Radio programmes
Year Program Episode/source
1945 Suspense "August Heat"[67]
1945 Suspense "The Dunwich Horror"[68]
1946 Academy Award Lost Horizon[69]
1946 Encore Theatre Yellowjack[70]
1952 Lux Radio Theatre Les Misérables[71]
1953 Suspense Vision of Death[72]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Obituaries". Variety. 21 May 1958. p. 79. Retrieved 23 January 2021 – via Archive.org.
  2. ^ a b Frank, Sam (1997). Ronald Colman: A Bio-Bibliography. Greenwood Press. p. 1; ISBN 0-313-26433-3
  3. ^ Morley, Sheridan (2004). "Colman, Ronald Charles (1891â€"1958), actor". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37304. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ^ Colman, Juliet Benita (1975). Ronald Colman: A Very Private Person. W.H Allen. p. 2; ISBN 0-491-01785-5
  5. ^ a b "Shelley Winters." Britannica Book of the Year, 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 September 2013
  6. ^ Smith, R. Dixon (1991). Ronald Colman, Gentleman of the Cinema. McFarland & Company. pp. 2–3; ISBN 0-7864-1212-7
  7. ^ Judith Prowse Read and Simon Fowler, Genealogical Research in England's Public Record Office: A Guide for North Americans, 2nd edition, Baltimore, Maryland: Genelogical Publishing Co., Inc., 2000, p. 80.
  8. ^ a b "Famous London Scottish". The London Scottish Regimental Trust. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016.
  9. ^ "Medal card of Colman, Ronald C, Soldier Number: 2148, Rank: Private, Corps: 14th London Regiment". The National Archives. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  10. ^ Morley, Sheridan. (1983) Tales from the Hollywood Raj: The British, the Movies and Tinseltown. The Viking Press, p. 66.
  11. ^ Bates, Stephen (10 November 2011). "Silver war badge recipients revealed online". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2023. Another recipient was Ronald Coleman, the future British Hollywood actor who was severely wounded in the ankle during the first weeks of the war, leaving him with a limp that he tried to disguise during his film career.
  12. ^ He was said to have made his first appearance on the stage at the age of seventeen in a masonic smoker, see Steele 1937, p. 94. The first recorded performance took place at the Chiswick Town Hall in aid of the Chiswick Soup kitchen: „… and a banjo solo by Mr. R. C. Colman, each of which were much appreciated.“ Chiswick Times, 16 April 1909, p. 6.
  13. ^ „Lifeboat Concert“, Northampton Mercury, 10 February 1911, p.12: “… a party of entertainers from Ealing, London, who dress attractively in black with orange coloured trimmings, pierrot fashion.“
  14. ^ Middlesex County Times, 4 May 1912, p. 7.
  15. ^ R. O. Mackay, „Ronald Colman - Pierrot“, Picturegoer, 1 July 1930, p. 17; P. L. Mannock, „They all came from Concert Parties“, Britannia and Eve, 1. July 1937, p. 17.
  16. ^ “Our Amateurs“, The Era, 2 November 1912, p. 13.
  17. ^ “Death of George Denby“, The Stage, 8 February 1951, p. 3.
  18. ^ In the early months of 1913, Colman’s sister Freda accompanied the Popinjays at the piano. Forest Hill & Sydenham Examiner, 28 March 1913, p. 3. In January 1916, Noel Coward appeared with the Popinjays at the Park Pavilion in Eastbourne. Eastbourne Gazette, 19 January 1916, p. 8. In April and July of the same year, Goodie Reeve was a member of the Popinjays under the name of Goodie Cotton. Munster News, 26 July 1916, p. 3.
  19. ^ „An Evening With Dickens“, Middlesex County Times, 6 April 1912, p. 5.
  20. ^ “Amateur Dramatics at Hayes. Fine Performance for the Cottage Hospital“, The Uxbridge & Drayton Gazette, 29 April 1911, p. 3.
  21. ^ “A Triple Bill. Mrs. Hodges’ Dramatic Entertainment“, Middlesex County Times, 16 December 1911, p. 1.
  22. ^ Hampstead News, 23 October 1913, p. 4.
  23. ^ “Amusements in Derby“, Derby Daily Telegraph, 11 July 1916, p. 2.
  24. ^ The Stage Year Book, London 1910, p. 152.
  25. ^ Both at the same evening. „Tribute to Mr. Box. St. Saviour’s Musical and Dramatic Entertainment“, Acton Gazette, 6 May 1910, p. 3.
  26. ^ “Ealing Shakespearean Bazaar“, Bayswater Chronicle, 19 November 1910, p. 5.
  27. ^ Acton Gazette, 4 Nov 1910, p. 3.
  28. ^ Acton Gazette, 13 Jan 1911, p. 6.
  29. ^ Uxbridge & W. Drayton Gazette, Sat. 27 Jan. 1912, p. 6.
  30. ^ “Bancroft Dramatic Club. Festival Dinner of Successful Organisation“, London Evening Standard, 1 December 1910, p. 7.
  31. ^ The Era, 18 November 1911, p. 13.
  32. ^ The Stage, Thursday 29 Feb 1912. p. 23: „ As Prince Henry of Lucerne Mr. Ronald Colman was excellent - easy and unaffected.“
  33. ^ Musical News and Herald, Vol. 43, 1912, p. 450: „Ronald Colman is a jeune premier of great promise, having youth, a good presence, and clear diction in his favour. He made a manly lover, playing with strength and pathos.“
  34. ^ “Our Amateurs“, The Era, 26. April 1913, p. 17.
  35. ^ “Mr. Ronald Colman quite caught the inflated style and the ultra-artistic mannerisms of Count O’Dowda, and wore his costume with quite an air“, Musical News, Bd. 46, 1914, p. 135.
  36. ^ “No less excellent was Mr Ronald Colman as the young lover Ned Annesley, playing his part with an easy air of assurance that immediately made him a favourite.“ The Queen, 11 April 1914, p. 48.
  37. ^ “The defaulting stockbroker was powerfully played by Mr. Ronald Colman.“ „St. Saviour’s Lads’ Club Entertainment“, Middlesex County Times, 11 May 1912, p. 7.
  38. ^ The Middlesex & Buckinghamshire Advertiser, 3 May 1913, p. 5.
  39. ^ It has been said that his role consisted in waving a flag and tooting a trumpet with absolutely nothing to say, see Colman 1975, p. 14. On the contrary, he did have several lines and impressed the critics: „Excellent work is done by … Ronald Colman as Rahmat Sheikh.“ „London Variety Stage. The London Coliseum“, The Stage, 22 June 1916, p. 18.
  40. ^ Frank, Sam (1997). Ronald Colman: A Bio-Bibliography. Greenwood Press. p. 52; ISBN 0-313-26433-3
  41. ^ In Liverpool, „by his perfect acting and striking personality he easily won his way into the hearts of the audience from his first entry on the stage“. Birkenhead News, 27 November 1918, p. 1.
  42. ^ "The Nightcap – Broadway Play – Original | IBDB".
  43. ^ "La Tendresse – Broadway Play – Original | IBDB".
  44. ^ Frank, Sam (1997). Ronald Colman: A Bio-Bibliography. Greenwood Press. p. 58; ISBN 0-313-26433-3
  45. ^ Quirk, Lawrence J., The Films of Ronald Colman, Secaucus, New Jersey, 1977.
  46. ^ Franklin, Joe, Classics of the Silent Screen, p. 148, 1959 The Citadel Press
  47. ^ Franklin, Joe. Classics of the Silent Screen: A Pictorial Treasury. New York: Bramhall House, 1959. Print
  48. ^ Zito, Stephen F., American Film Institute and the Library of Congress, Cinema Club 9 Program Notes, April, 1973 Post Newsweek Stations, Washington, DC
  49. ^ Morley, p. 65.
  50. ^ Ralph Ellison (1952). The Invisible Man. Random House.
  51. ^ "Ronald Colman | British-American actor | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 15 May 2023.
  52. ^ William K. Everson (1978). American Silent Film. Oxford University Press.
  53. ^ Time – Radio: La Cadena, June 1, 1942 Ronald Colman, La Cadena de las Americas on Content.time.com
  54. ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D., "Executive Order 8840 Establishing the Office of Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs", July 30, 1941. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara
  55. ^ In All His Glory: The Life and Times of William S. Paley and the Birth of Modern Broadcasting. Salley Bedell Smith. Random House Trade Publications, New York, USA, 2002, Chapter 18 ISBN 978-0-307-78671--5 William S. Paley and La Cadena de las Americas and Franklin Roosevelt on Books.google.com See Chapter 18
  56. ^ Time – Radio: La Cadena, June 1, 1942 William S. Paley, La Cadena de las Americas on Content.time.com
  57. ^ Millay, Edna St. Vincent; National Broadcasting Company (1944). Poem and prayer for an invading army. New York: National Broadcasting Company. OCLC 1105316.
  58. ^ "Audio recording of "Poem and Prayer for an Invading Army" by Edna St. Vincent Millay, read by Ronald Colman". Internet Archive. 6 June 1944. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  59. ^ Becker, Christine (1 October 2005). "Televising Film Stardom in the 1950s". Framework.[dead link‍]
  60. ^ Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  61. ^ "The Guardian 20 May 1958, page 3".
  62. ^ Dave Kehr, "Objection Quashes Sale of Welles's 'Kane' Oscar", The New York Times (22 July 2003)
  63. ^ "Eastman House award recipients · George Eastman House". 15 April 2012. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012.
  64. ^ Colman, Juliet Benita (1975). Ronald Colman, a Very Private Person: A Biography. Morrow. ISBN 9780688002749. julia benita coleman.
  65. ^ McArdle, Joseph (16 October 2007). Irish Rogues and Rascals – From Francis Shackleton to Charlie Haughey: The Hilarious Stories of Ireland's Most Notorious Chancers. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN 9780717168057 – via Google Books.
  66. ^ Munro, Michael (9 December 2007). Chambers Pardon My English!: An Exploration of Slang and Informal Language. Chambers. ISBN 9780550102867 – via Google Books.
  67. ^ "Escape and Suspense!: Suspense – August Heat". escape-suspense.com. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  68. ^ "Escape and Suspense!: Suspense – The Dunwich Horror". escape-suspense.com. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  69. ^ "'Horizon' Star". Harrisburg Telegraph. Harrisburg Telegraph. 23 November 1946. p. 19. Retrieved 13 September 2015 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  70. ^ "Those Were the Days". Nostalgia Digest. Vol. 41, no. 3. Summer 2015. pp. 32–39.
  71. ^ Kirby, Walter (21 December 1952). "Better Radio Programs for the Week". The Decatur Daily Review. The Decatur Daily Review. p. 44. Retrieved 8 June 2015 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  72. ^ Kirby, Walter (31 May 1953). "Better Radio Programs for the Week". The Decatur Daily Review. The Decatur Daily Review. p. 40. Retrieved 30 June 2015 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon

Bibliography

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  • Fowler, Simon, Spencer, William, Tamblin, Stuart. Army Service Records of the First World War (Public Record Office Readers Guide No. 19). London: PRO Publications, 1997
  • Parker, John, editor, Who's Who in the Theatre, 10th edition revised, London, 1947, p. 437.
  • Rollyson, Carl. Ronald Colman: Hollywood's Gentleman Hero. Orlando, Florida: BearManor Media, 2024 ISBN 979-8887714370
[edit]
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